Kundi M

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Letter to Canadian Health Minister on Cellphone and EMF dangers

Christians Against Zionism - January 2005

Kundi M, Mild K, Hardell L, Mattsson MO.

Institute of Environmental Health, Department for Occupational and Social Hygiene, Medical Faculty, University of Vienna Kinderspitalgasse 15 A-1095 Vienna Austria. Michael.Kundi@univie.ac.at

There is considerable public concern about possible long-term adverse health effects of mobile phones. While there is scientific controversy about long-term health effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields lasting for at least 50 yr, the rise and success of mobile telecommunication made it necessary to investigate the problem more comprehensively and assess the possible risk cautiously because never before in history has a substantial proportion of the population been exposed to microwaves in the near field and at comparably high levels. Because the mostly localized exposure target region is the head, most epidemiological studies focus on brain tumors. Overall nine epidemiological studies have been published, four from the United States, two from Sweden, and one each from Denmark, Finland, and Germany. Seven studies were mainly on brain tumors, with one investigating in addition to brain tumors salivary gland cancer and another cancer of the hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, and one examining intraocular melanoma. All studies have some methodological deficiencies: (1) too short duration of mobile phone use to be helpful in risk assessment, (2) exposure was not rigorously determined, and (3) there is a possibility of recall and response error in some studies. Nevertheless, all studies approaching reasonable latencies found an increased cancer risk associated with mobile phone use. Estimates of relative risk in these studies vary between 1.3 and 4.6 with highest overall risk for acoustic neuroma (3.5) and uveal melanoma (4.2), and there is evidence for enhanced cancer risk with increasing latency and duration of mobile phone use.

       Publication Types:
         a.. Review
         b.. Review, Academic

PMID: 15371240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Oct 28 2004 14:51:27

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Folks:

This is fruther confirmation of previous work by Lai and Singh........

Note: (1) The possible role of free radicals, and (2) that EMF exposures
alongside power transmission lines can be 50 to 100 times the norm........

guru............ Signature line below...........

MerBenzRN@aol.com wrote:

Lai, H and NP Singh. 2004. Magnetic-Field-Induced DNA Strand Breaks in Brain Cells of the Rat. Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (6): 687-694.

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This study confirms the ability of low-level magnetic fields to cause DNA damage and brain cell death in rats, and proposes a mechanism that may explain both how the damage occurs as well as why some anti-oxidants work to prevent it. The results suggest a mechanism by which several degenerative diseases in people, like Alzheimer's, might be linked to exposures to magnetic fields.

What did they do?

Lai and Singh exposed rats to magnetic fields for 24 and 48 hours. The exposure levels were within the range that people encounter in the home and workplace. They compared the extent of DNA damage in exposed animals with control animals. The control animals were exposed to two opposing magnetic fields simultaneously (a process called 'bucking') in which the fields canceled each other out.

DNA damage was assessed by first extracting DNA strands from experimental and control animals' brains and then calculating the amount of DNA of different lengths in the samples, using gel electrophoresis. Shorter strands indicate greater damage.

Rats were tested both with and without injections of the drugs Trolox, deferiprone, and p7-nitroindazole.

Lai and Singh also compared experimental and control animals with respect to two different types of cell death in the brain, apoptosis and necrosis. To do this they extracted cells from the rats' brains after the experiment and examined them under a fluorescent miscroscope, using standard tools for assessing apoptosis and necrosis.

What did they find?

As expected, animals in the experimental group had more DNA damage compared to controls, as indicated by the average length of DNA migration (figure to right).

Animals with the longest exposure (48 hrs vs. 24 hrs) had the most damage to the DNA.

This is reflected in the histograms to the left. DNA was broken into smaller fragments by greater exposure, and thus in the electrophoresis experiments, a greater percentage of cells exposed to the magnetic field migrated farther.

Animals treated with the three drugs, Trolox, deferiprone, and 7-nitroindazole, all had less damage than untreated animals.

Brain cell death due to both apoptosis and necrosis increased significantly following magnetic field exposure.

What does this mean?

These new results confirm the fact that magnetic fields within the range experienced by people in their home and workplace can cause genetic damage and kill brain cells. They also reveal ways that damage can be reduced by using certain drugs.

The drug experiments not only show ways to reduce damage, they also provide insights into the mechanism by which magnetic fields may be causing its effect:

         a.. One of the drugs used, Trolox, eliminates free radicals. The decrease in DNA damage which resulted with Trolox treatment indicates that the process is in some way reliant on free radicals as part of the DNA breaking mechanism.
         b.. Another one of the drugs, deferione, reduces the amount of iron available for chemical reactions. This suggests that iron is also necessary for the damage to occur.
         c.. The third drug, 7-nitroindazole, stops nitric acid from being synthesized. This implies that nitric acid synthesis is necessary for the damage to occur.
       Lai and Singh knit these observations together to propose that low level magnetic radiation causes DNA damage and cell death through a multistep pathway:
       First, the magnetic field increases the availability of iron which in turn, through a chemical process known as the Fenton Reaction, increases the availability of free radicals. The free radicals cause localized damage to lipids and proteins involved in the cell's structural integrity. This damage causes calcium to leak from storage sites, which in turn causes nitric acid synthesis to increase. The nitric acid then diffuses among cells, causing DNA damage and increasing both forms of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis.

Why is this important? Lai and Singh offer three observations:

         a.. People are exposed every day to magnetic fields at levels used in this study (0.01-0.5 mT) by appliances and transmission wires. Magnetic fields near transmission lines can be a 50-100 times higher. Occupational exposures can be much higher.
         b.. Certain types of human brain cells have relatively high amounts of iron, the starting point of the causal pathway that Lai and Singh propose. This could make these cells, notably myelinated nerve fibers, more susceptible to damage from magnetic fields.
         c.. Several neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotropic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's include biological events tied to neuronal death and/or demyelination. Epidemiological studies have noted increased risk to these conditions associated with occupational settings that involve exposure to magnetic fields.

--
Roy Beavers (EMFguru)
roy@emfguru.org WEBSITE -- http://emfguru.org

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Stewart's conclusions are in line with overseas studies. In suburbs near powerful masts in Sydney, Australia, researchers recently found the incidence of childhood leukaemia was 60% higher than in adjacent suburbs. An earlier study in Hawaii also linked cancer with big masts.

May 16 1999 INSIGHT

©
Shadow of the mast: Jack Humberstone, 15, who has cancer in his shoulder bone, has been told he may lose an arm
Photograph: Andy Watts

Cancer clusters found near TV masts

Grounds for concern
DOCTORS and scientists are calling for an urgent government inquiry into cancer clusters among people living near some of Britain's most powerful television transmitters.

Analysis conducted for The Sunday Times by Professor Gordon Stewart, one of Britain's leading epidemiologists, shows there may be a significant increase in the risk of cancers, including leukaemia, associated with masts.

The study revealed an increased incidence of cancer within up to 7km of masts. Subsequent inquiries have unearthed possible clusters in London, Bedfordshire, south Wales and the Midlands.

Stewart, emeritus professor at Glasgow University's public health department and a former consultant on epidemiology to the World Health Organisation, was commissioned to analyse detailed geographical data on cancer rates and has concluded there are grounds for concern. He said: "I would say the leukaemia question is sufficiently suspicious to merit further investigation." He wants the government, which has denied any risk, to commission new research.

One of the sites of concern is around the Crystal Palace mast in London. People in one area near the mast were found to be 33% more likely to suffer from cancer. Last November Barry Pepperdine, 14, a former pupil of Churchfields primary school in Beckenham, was found to have leukaemia. Just a few weeks before, he had won the local interschools 1500m race and dreamed of becoming an Olympic athlete. Lizzie Burningham, a close neighbour, is another former Churchfields pupil. Two years ago, aged 10, she, too, was found to have the disease.

Living across the road is Jack Humberstone, 15. Two months ago his doctor told him he had cancer in the shoulder bone; his arm might have to be amputated. David Carr, 16, lives just round the corner. He is in remission from leukaemia. The four children live in a tiny triangle of streets about a mile from the 1,000ft Crystal Palace transmitter.

Each year there are only 450 childhood leukaemia cases in Britain. The incidence near the south London mast is far higher than would be expected normally, according to the statistics. There was a significant decline in the incidence of all cancers the further residents lived away from the mast.

Stewart examined data for areas around 21 transmitters across Britain. The average level of risk at most was marginal; Crystal Palace, however, is one of only four one-megawatt transmitters in the country; there was a significantly higher incidence of cancer around it and other big masts.

In Wenvoe, near Cardiff, at least eight residents in the tiny parish of St Georges and St Brides have died of cancer in the past five years. In every one of the 10 houses on a residential street close to the Sandy Heath transmitter in Bedfordshire, there has been a cancer death.

Dennis Gray, a former maintenance manager, lost his wife, Lina, to ovarian cancer six years ago. "Every single property down here has had someone either die from cancer or suffer from it," he said.

There has also been a high incidence of cancer near the Sutton Coldfield transmitter in the West Midlands. Dr Henry Slominski, a GP whose surgery is just over a mile from the mast, said he first noticed a high number of specific cancers in the early 1990s..

"We had a practice of about 2,500 patients with about 30 malignancies that were what I class as [blood cancers]. One of my first patients was a man aged 40 with Hodgkin's disease [a form of blood cancer]. Then we were seeing multiple myelomas, then a young man with leukaemia. That's when I started to think, 'I don't like the look of this.' "

The epidemiological figures show that, within 1.4 miles of the mast, the number of adult leukaemia cases was nearly double what would normally be expected.

Mary Hoggins, a receptionist at Slominski's clinic, is in remission from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a form of blood cancer. "There were only 18 houses in our close and 8-10 people were diagnosed with one form of cancer," she said.

In no case is there any specific evidence of a link between the cancer incidence and the television masts, but Stewart said: "There is a problem here that cannot be ignored. There is a possibility of an increase in leukaemia. It is sufficiently suspicious to merit further investigation."

There are also claims that the masts may directly affect the health of engineers who maintain them. One is now suing his former employer for damages over ill-health.

Dr Andrew Wright, a specialist in Bolton who examined 10 engineers, found the men had very low levels of a brain hormone that controls bodily rhythms.

Professor Ted Litovitz, from the Catholic University of America, who has researched the effects of such radiation for the past decade, said: "When you turn on the body's defence mechanism against disease, which the non-ionising radiation does, and you keep turning it on every day, you down-regulate it and it no longer turns on."

The National Radiological Protection Board, which advises the public on radiation issues, insists there is no evidence that transmitters damage health. Bruce Randall, a spokesman for NTL, which has jointly operated the transmitters since they were sold by the BBC three years ago, said that every mast operated well within recommended safety limits.

Some leading scientists are also sceptical of a cancer link. Sir Richard Doll, the eminent epidemiologist who first established a link between smoking and cancer, said no study had yet shown a provable link.

The scientific debate will, however, be little comfort to Barry Pepperdine. His mother, Betty, said last week: "When we found out he had leukaemia it felt like the world was coming to an end. I had not thought about the TV masts being to blame. But if there was a link, I don't think I would move. It's a bit late for that, isn't it?"

Insight: David Leppard, Gareth Walsh, Chris Hastings

david.leppard@sunday-times.co.uk

Next page: Five share £6.8m jackpot

Copyright 1999 Times Newspapers Ltd. This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard terms and conditions. To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from The Sunday Times, visit the Syndication website.

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Reported Biological Effects From
Radiofrequency Non-Ionizing Radiation

The following studies indicate biological effects at exposure levels far below what would be explained by "thermal effects", and well within the range people are commonly exposed to every day.
NOTE: Most of these exposures lie FAR BELOW the current advisory exposure standards in the US, which are based on thermal effects only.

               a.. Studies by Increasing Power Density
               b.. Studies by Increasing Specific Absorption Rate
               c.. Standards and Background Levels
               d.. Listing of Full Citations
           Studies by Increasing Power Density
                 Power Density Reported Biological Effects References
                 0.1 µW/cm2
                 (0.001 W/Kg SAR) EEG brain waves are altered when exposed to cell phone signal Von Klitzing, 1995
                 0.16 µW/cm2 Motor function, memory and attention of school children affected (Latvia) Kolodynski, 1996
                 0.168 - 1.053 µW/cm2 Irreversible infertility in mice after 5 generations of exposure to cell phone signals from antenna park Magras & Xenos, 1997
                 0.2 - 8 µW/cm2 Two-fold increase in childhood leukemia from AM-FM exposure Hocking, 1996
                 1.3 - 5.7 µW/cm2 Two-fold increase in leukemia in adults from AM RF exposure Dolk, 1997
                 2.4 µW/cm2 Interference with medical devices at least up to 1000 MHz Joyner, 1996
                 2 - 4 µW/cm2 Direct effect of RFR on ion channels in cells/opening of acetycholine channels D'Inzeo, 1988
                 4 - 10 µW/cm2 Visual reaction time in children is slowed//lower memory function in tests Chiang, 1989
                 5 - 10 µW/cm2 Impaired nervous system activity Dumanski, 1974
                 10 µW/cm2 Significant differences in visual reaction time and reduced memory function Chiang, 1989
                 10 - 25 µW/cm2 Changes in the hippocampus of the brain Belokrinitskiy, 1982
                 30 µW/cm2
                 (0.015 W/Kg SAR) Immune system effects - elevation of PFC count (antibody producing cells) Veyret, 1991
                 50 µW/cm2 An 18% reduction in REM sleep (important to memory and learning functions) Mann, 1996
                 100 µW/cm2 Changes in immune system function Elekes, 1996
                 100 µW/cm2 A 26% drop in insulin Navakatikian, 1994
                 120 µW/cm2 A pathological change in the blood brain barrier (915 MHz) Salford, 1993

           Studies by Increasing Specific Absorption Rate
                 SAR Reported Biological Effects References
                 0.000021 - .0021 W/Kg Changes in cell cycle and cell proliferation (960 MHz GSM cell phone signal) Kwee, 1997
                 0.0004 W/Kg Pulsed cell phone RF caused changes in blood-brain barrier that protects brain from outside harmful chemicals and toxins (915 MHz GSM cell phone) Salford, 1997
                 0.001 W/Kg EEG brain waves are altered when exposed to cell phone signal at 0.1 µW/cm2 Von KIitzing, 1995
                 0.0317 W/Kg Decrease in eating and drinking Ray & Behari, 1990
                 .005 to .05 W/Kg Calcium efflux Dutta et al, 1989
                 0.14 W/Kg Elevation of immune response at 100 µW/cm2 Elekes, 1996
                 0.13 - 1.4 W/Kg Lymphoma cancer rate is 2.4 times normal with two 1/2 hour exposures per day of cell phone exposure (pulsed digital mobile phone signal 900 MHz) Repacholi, 1997
                 0.26 W/Kg Harmful effects to the eyes/ certain drugs can sensitize eyes to RFR Kues, 1992
                 0.4 W/Kg Statistically significant increase in malignant tumors at 480 µW/cm2 Guy, 1984
                 0.58 - 0.75 W/Kg Biological effect on the development of brain tumors at 18% of standard (836 MHz TDMA digital cell phone signal) Adey, 1996
                 0.6 and 1.2 W/Kg DNA single and double strand breaks from RF exposure (2450 MHz) Lai, 1995
                 2.4 mW/Kg to 24 mW/Kg Digital cell phone (836 TDMA) at very low intensities cause DNA effects in human cells. DNA effects are direct DNA damage and the rate at which DNA is repaired. Is equal to about 800 µW/cm2 power density Phillips, 1998
                 2-3 W/Kg Cancer acceleration in skin and breast tumors at 50 - 75% of standard Szmigielski, 1982

           Standards and Background Levels
                 SAR Standards
                 0.2 W/Kg IEEE standard for whole body SAR for general public (1/6 of an hour) IEEE
                 1.6 W/Kg FCC (IEEE) SAR limit over 1 gram of tissue (cell phone to ear) FCC, 1996
                 Power Density Standards
                 579µW/cm2 800-900 MHz Cell Phone Signal Standard ANSI/IEEE
                 1000µW/cm2 PCS STANDARD for public exposure (as of September 1, 1997) FCC, 1996
                 5000µW/cm2 PCS STANDARD for occupational exposure (as of September 11997) FCC, 1996
                   Background Levels
                 0.003 µW/cm2 Ambient background RF exposure in cities and suburbs in the 1990's Mantiply, 1997
                 1 - 10 µW/cm2 Ambient RF exposure within 100-200 feet of cell/PCS antenna array (or roughly 0.2 to 0.5 mW/Kg SAR in the human body') Sage, 1998, unpublished

           Listing of Full Citations Refrenced Above
                 Study Description
                 Adey, WR., et. al., 1996. Brain tumor incidence in rats chronically exposed to digital cellular telephone fields in an initiation-promotion model. Bioelectromagnetics Society 18th Annual Meeting, Proceedings, Abstract A-7-3.
                 Belokrinitskiy, VS., 1982. "Destructive and reparative processes in hippocampus with long-term exposure to nonionizing radiation." In U.S.S.R. Report, Effects of Nonionizing Microwave Radiation, No. 7, JPRS 81865, pp. 15-20.
                 Chiang, H., et. al., 1989. Health effects of environmental electromagnetic fields. Journal of Bioelectricity, 8: 127-131
                 Chou, CK., & Guy, AW., 1992. Long-term low level microwave irradiation of rats. Bioelectormagnetics 13:469-496
                 D'Inzeo, G., et. al., 1988. Microwave effects on acetycholine-induced channels in cultured chick myotubes. Bioelectromagnetics 9; 363-372.
                 Dolk, H., et. al., 1997. Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. Am J Epidemiology 145(1) P 1-9 Jan 1997.
                 Dumanski, J.D., and Shandala, M.G., 1974 "The Biological Action and Hygenic Significance of Elecromagnetic Fields of Superhigh and Ultrahigh frequencies in Densely Populated Areas," from Biological Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Warsaw 15-18 October, 1973, Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw, 1974.
                 Dutta, SK., et. al., 1989. Radiofrequency radiation-induced calcium ion efflux enhancement from human and other neuroblastoma cells in culture. Bioelectromagnetics 10: 197-202.
                 Elekes, E., 1996. Effect on the immune system of mice exposed chronically to 50 Hz amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics 17:246-8.
                 Hocking, B., et. al., 1996. Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers Med J Aust 165(11-12) P. 601-5 Dec 2-16, 1996.
                 Joyner, K., et. al., 1996. Mobile telephones interfere with medical electrical equipment. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 1994 Mar. 17(1). P 23-7.
                 Kolodynski, AA., Kolodynska VV, 1996. Motor and psychological functions of school children living in the area of the Skrunda radio location station in Latvia. Sci Total Environ 1996;180:87-93
                 Kues, HA., 1992. Increased sensitivity of the non-human primate eye to radiation following opthalmic drug pretreatment. Bioelectromagnetics 13:379-93.
                 Kwee, 1997 The biological effects of microwave radiation. Abstract in Proceedings of the Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, Bologna, Italy, June 1997.
                 L. Salford (1993) "Experimental studies of brain tumor development during exposure to continuous and pulsed 915 MHz radio frequency radiation," in Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, Vol. 30: pg. 313-318.
                 L. Von Klitzing "Low-Frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields influence EEG of man." Physica Medica, Vol. 11, No. 2, pps 77-80, April-June 1995.
                 Lai, H., and Singh, NP., 1995. Acute low intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single strand breaks in rat brain cells, Bioelectromagnetics 1995;16:207-10.
                 Lai, H., & Singh, NP., 1996. Single and double strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 1996;69:513-21.
                 M.A. Navakatikian and L.A. Tomashevskaya "Phasic Behavioral and Endocrine Effects of Microwaves of Nonthermal Intensity," by Carpenter DO and Ayrapetyan S, editors. Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Volume 1, published by Academic Press
                 Magras, IN., & Zenos, TD., 1997. RF Radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics 18:455-461.
                 Mann, K., et. al., 1996. Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human sleep. Neuropsychobiology 1996;33:41-7.
                 Phillips, J., et. al., 1998. DNA damage in molt-4 lymphoblastoid cells exposed to cellular telephone radiofrequency fields in vitro. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 45:103-110.
                 Ray, S., & Behari, J., 1990. Physiological changes in rats after exposure to low levels of microwaves. Radiat Res 123: 190-202
                 Repacholi, M., et. al., 1997. Lymphomas in Eµ-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. Radiat Res. 1997; 147:31-40.
                 Salford, 1997 Blood brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields from a GSM wireless communication transmitter. Abstract in Proceedings of the Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, Bologna, Italy, June 1997.
                 Salford, LG., et. al., 1993. Permeability of the blood brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiatio

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Derek Bishop's Spiritual Autobiography: Electrical Sensitivity, Human Health, and Environmental Illness
Presents links to posts under the category, "electrical sensitivity, human health, and environmental illness."

These are mainly autobiographical postings detailing one person's physiological and cognitive responses to manmade electromagnetic field. While I hope that the information I present is helpful, it is not intended to be an exhaustive accounting of the condition of electrical sensitivity.

If you haven't done so already, prior to reading these posts may I suggest that you build a broader base of knowledge regarding the entire range of electrical sensitivity symptoms and the various treatments that sufferers have found effective? Good introductory posts are my letter to D and my letter to G. I also recommend the sites listed at my EMF links page. Some excellent additional resources are John Schultz's page, the Environmental Health Network (whose EMF links page should keep you busy for weeks!), an EMF symptoms page, and the EMF page at the Open Directory Project. You should familiarize yourself with a wide range of information regarding the ES condition from a variety of sources before making any important decisions for yourself. As well, you should consult with medical doctors specializing in environmental illness, some of whom can be found at the Environmental Health Center-Dallas.

For an extraordinary compilation of EMF health effects I refer you to Klaus Rudolph's German Electrosmog website. His weekly digest of articles related to manmade assaults on the environment is without peer. Klaus is moderator for an EMF news site.

Marc Martin moderates eSens, an information and support forum for sufferers of electrical sensitivity. I refer you to Marc and his fellow forum posters for most questions regarding how to protect yourself from EMF and how to treat various EMF sensitivity symptoms.

Glen Swartwout is an eye doctor who has a very helpful page on how to mitigate EMF stress.

While I am all too familiar with my own body and mind's responses to electromagnetic pollution, I am not an authority on EMF. For a much better grasp of the scientific and medical dimensions of electrosmog I refer you to Marc, Klaus, Glen, and the other sites and people that I mention both here and on my EMF links page.

December 15, 1996 (Reduced Exposure | Electromagnetic Field Pollution | EMF Free | EMF-Reduced Zones)

December 27, 1996 (Electrical Sensitivity Symptoms | Difficulty Sleeping | Burning In Glands | Disturbed By Cellular and Radio Transmitters | Manmade Electromagnetic Pollution Has No Relationship To God)

December 31, 1996 (Volcano Village | EMF | Adverse Human Health Effect | Electromagnetic Field | Radiation)

December 31, 1996 (a) (EMF Awareness | Stabbing Pain In Solar Plexus From Transmitter Facility At Volcanoes National Park | Chest Neck Face Feel Engorged And Hot | Fetal Position | Sleep And Self-Negation)

July 20, 1998 (a) (Vocal Chords | Makes Me Ill To Laugh, Sing, Or Speak | Chest Amplifying Vocal Vibrations | Sound Is An Electromagnetic Force | Sensitive To Subtle Pollution)

December 10, 1998 (Electrical Sensitivity | Symptoms | Pain Heat Swelling | Cognitive Impairment)

December 23, 1998 (Induction Of Electrical Current In Body | Left Eye Throbs | Burning Feeling in Testicles, Prostate Gland, And Vas Deferens | Circulatory System Under Attack From EMF)

July 16, 2000 (Recycle Hawaii | Board Of Directors Meeting | Bombarded By EMF In Hilo | Dull Throbbing Ache-Like Stomach Flu | Unconsciousness, Sleep - Only Thing That Helped)

August 4, 2001 (a) (Manmade EMF | Nazi Human Experiments | Glorious Health | Spiritual Consciousness | The Study Of Suffering Is A Complete Bore)

February 20, 2002 (Blood Vessels Bulging | Pain And Swelling Sensation In Brain | Green Phlegm | Flu Symptoms | New EMF Source Near House)

July 30, 2002 (Honolulu International Airport | Impaired Mental Processing | Electromagnetically Assaulted)

July 9, 2004 (MRI Experience | Current Status | Recovery | Implications For Non-Spiritually Awakened Individuals | Subtle Energy Sensitivity)

June 15, 2004 (Microwaving Our Planet: The Environmental Impact of the Wireless Revolution - Arthur Firstenberg / Cellular Phone Taskforce 1997)

July 15, 2004 (El Collie on Kundalini and Electrical Sensitivity - Supercharged)

Email Derek

This page was last updated on 10-30-2004.

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-------------------- HUMAN HEALTH RIGHTS ---------------------- HEALTH TARGET: TO ESTABLISH LONG-TERM HEALTH "GUARANTEES"
INDUSTRIAL TARGET: TO ESTABLISH "SAFE DISTANCES" AND LIMIT OF "POWER"

INDEX

A. INTRODUCTION. WRONG CRITERIA: THERMAL UNIT AND TWO COEFFICIENTS.

1. EVALUATION OF HEALTH HAZARD CAUSED BY MICROWAVE RADIATION 3
2. THERMAL EFFECT AND DOUBLE ERROR IN TWO "SAFETY COEFFICIENTS" 5
3. NON-THERMAL ALTERATION. "POWER AND DISTANCE" OF VITAL PROTECTION 8
4. W.H.O. WORLD REPORT AND "DELAYING TACTICS". TO WAIT "YEAR 2006"? 11

B. HEALTH CONFUSION. PRACTICAL EVALUATION: SCALE "NINE DEGREES".

5. DEMANDED STRICT LIMIT OF "POWER" AND "LONG-TERM SAFETY DISTANCE" 14
6. CONFUSION IN HEALTH CONCEPTS. A NEW DANGER OF FALSE ASSURANCES 21
7. SCALE OF PRACTICAL EVALUATION: "NINE DEGREES OF HEALTH HAZARD" 23
8. DEMANDED LONG-TERM HEALTH PROTECTION. NEW INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY 26

Copyright ©. Miguel Muntané Condeminas. Barcelona.
Industrial Engineer E.T.S.E.I.B. General Manager Consulting Comunicació
i Disseny S.L.

m.co-di@eic.ictnet.es

PRACTICAL GUIDELINES TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH AGAINST

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMITTED IN MOBILE TELEPHONY.

A. INTRODUCTION. WRONG CRITERIA: THERMAL UNIT AND TWO COEFFICIENTS

These Guidelines contain practical and verified information concerning
the Power emitted in the mobile telephony, with respect to the Neuronal
waves and the "Natural" radiation from the Sun.

Documented with scientific references from doctors of world-wide
prestige it evaluates the health hazard with a simplified practical
SCALE: NINE Degrees. This Scale allows an efficient understanding to
everyone from University, Law, Town Council and people affected by it.

Focusing the attention. Two alterations: To value the present Health
Hazard and "Years delay".

· "Blood Brain Barrier alteration". Published in the former USSR (1972)
over 25 ys. ago.
· "Chromosome damage". Published in the EEUU (1995) by Dr. H. Lai and
Dr. N. P. Singh

The long-term health alteration is known as "Microwaves Syndrome", based
on the radiation over people in Moscow, which led to the death of three
successive U.S. Ambassadors: Lilienfeld study. This long-term radiation
with low intensity "microwave bombardment", during years, limited to 40
hs. per week, has also caused cancer in 30 women and children 25 ys.
ago.

Dr. Neil Cherry. (May 2000). "Electromagnetic Radiation is damaging to
Brains, Hearts, Embryos, Hormones and Cells. It is therefore a threat to
Intelligent Hearty Life. Electromagnetic radiation resonantly interacts
with bodies and cells, Interfering with cell-to-cell communication, cell
growth and regulation, and is damaging the genetic basis of life."

Dr. William Steward. "Concerns have been expressed that the pulsed
nature of the signals from mobile phones and masts may have an impact on
brain function." (1.56)

· Health hazard refused to be underwritten by insurance companies:
Allianz and LLoyd's.

Who is responsible for informing authorities and people living close-by,
about the adverse effects of the radiation emitted by base stations?
Does a mobile phone user actually know about the long-term health hazard
involved? Does it alter stress and our capacity to react? Is it a
"non-effectual course" and "delaying tactics"? Are recommended
researchers looking for "non-evidences" ?

Dr. George Carlo. (October 1999). "I am especially concerned about what
appear to be actions by a segment of the industry to conscript the FCC,
the FDA and The World Health Organization with them in following a
non-effectual course that will likely result in a regulatory and
consumer backlash."

· Health hazard evaluation: "micronuclei diagnosis". Don't gamble with
your health!

Dr. George Carlo, (October 1999). "I am concerned that the wireless
industry is missing a valuable opportunity by dealing with these public
health concerns through politics, creating illusions that more research
over the next several years helps consumers today, and false claims that
regulatory compliance means safety. The better choice by the wireless
industry would be to implement measured steps aimed at true consumer
protection."

Dr. George Carlo said (October 1999): "Since I presented my findings,
which they found surprising, they have failed to do anything. In that
time there have been another 15 million users in the States and
thousands more in Britain. From a consumer point of view the delaying
tactic is not good but from a business point of view its great".

Is it correct to study only "short-term" health alteration as stated by
ICNIRP?. The Precautionary principle should suggest security measures to
protect the immediate health hazard, caused especially in children, by
opening the Blood Brain Barrier, DNA alteration and break chromosomes
It is prudent to limit the investigation on cancer as recommended by
World Health Organisation? The cancer takes years to appear. Such study
can be "non-evident": There are more contaminants.

Dr. Robert O. Becker (May 2000). "I think that any time you have an
extraneous energetic source of electromagnetic energy introduced into a
body carries a potential for harm".

Radiation from base station. Emits high Power density as microwaves
reaching 35 Km distance. Includes "high frequencies" and "pulsed low
frequencies" of 217 Hz. It is important to value the health hazard from
lower frequencies such as 8 Hz, 2 Hz and the interference on the Brain
waves.

People living close by a base station are permanently suffering this
radiation, without information whatever about this aggression of
"microwave bombardment ", during 168 hs/ week.. It causes evident
non-thermal health alteration: Headache, insomnia, irritability and
Deficit Attention. Night radiation causes Brain melatonin alteration,
not experimented over people in Moscow.

Dr. Neil Cherry (27 Oct. 2000) "Lief Salford's research on microwaves
and the Blood Brain Barrier is probably very relevant. The BBB protects
the brain from toxins and viruses. About 2 minutes on a cell phone can
open the BBB and allow toxins, including prions, into the brain".

Dr. William Steward. Independent Expert Group Report. UK. (May 2000)
"There are two direct ways by which health could be affected as a result
of exposure to RF radiation. These are by thermal (heating) effects
caused mainly by holding mobile phones close to the body, and as a
result of possible non-thermal effects from both phones and base
stations." (1.4)

Non-thermal effects. "A large number of biological effects have been
reported in cell cultures and in animals, often in response to exposure
to relatively low-level fields, which are not well established but which
may have health implications and are, hence, the subject of on-going
research".

"It is not scientifically possible to guarantee that low levels of
microwave radiation which do no t cause deleterious effects for
relatively short exposures will not cause long-term adverse health
effects".

Basic repetition frequency. The basic repetition frequency is 217 Hz for
GSM and DCS 1800 systems and 100 Hz for DECT; however, the spectrum also
contains a number of higher harmonics due to the narrow pulse, there are
also frequencies in the kilohertz region. Owing to the complexity of
these communications systems, there are also 2 and 8 Hz components in
the signal, apart from multiples of 100 and 217 Hz".

Insurance companies such as Allianz and LLoyd's are unwilling to
underwrite health hazard in mobile telephony. How should authorities be
informed so as to ensure health protection?

The research carried out by Lilienfeld study established the effects
caused by this real radiation: "microwave bombardment" 40 hs. per week
led to the death of three successive U.S. ambassadors and caused cancer
to women and children in Moscow (1953). Lilienfeld's study proved the
extreme danger which "microwave bombardment" entails. It was suggested
and prudent, that this experiment should be carried out with animals.

Dr. William Steward. "Both the NRPB and ICNIRP guidelines are based on
the need to avoid known adverse health effects. At the time these
guidelines were drawn up, the only established adverse effects were
those caused by the heating of tissues (1.15)."

Dr. Robert Becker. New York. Twice Dr. Becker has been nominated for a
Nobel Prize in Medicine. Published by Linda Moulton Howe in EARTHFILES
London (May 2000). "That level was applied for several decades to
everything that concerned electromagnetic pollution. Of course, this is
not correct."

Dr. Robert Becker also states: "So, the premise that was applied by the
physicists and the engineers was erroneous from the start."

ICNIRP Statement (March 31, 1999). "Introduction and purpose: Since the
publication of the ICNIRP guidelines for limiting EMF exposure up to 300
GHz several institutions have criticized the guidelines as lacking clear
interpretation on exposure safety or direct application to equipment in
existence. Concerns have also been expressed about the use of safety
factors, precautionary aspects and long term exposure as well as points
not included in the ICNIRP guidelines."

Dr. Neil Cherry (May 2000). "Another important conclusion: Cell phone
radiation mimics the effects that we have found for EMR across the
spectrum, in over 45 published studies showing adverse biological and
human health effects specifically from cell phone radiation."

Dr. Robert Becker states (May 2000): "As far as I'm concerned, these
factors DO have biological effects. I think that the overwhelming
evidence indicates that happens. There is an effect even though
physicists and engineers continue to say it's impossible."

From Dr. Neil Cherry to Roy Beavers (30 May 2000). "Cell phones and cell

sites are producing significant health effects right now but few direct
studies are attempting to identify them. You only see what you look for.
If nobody is looking then nobody will see anything."

Dr. William Steward. "We conclude therefore that it is not possible at
present to say that exposure to RF radiation, even at levels below
national guidelines, is totally without potential adverse health
effects, and that the gaps in knowledge are sufficient to justify a
precautionary approach. (1.19)

"The Expert Group considers that studies should be inaugurated of risks
of certain cancers originating in parts of the head that receive
radiation exposures from handsets: namely, tumours of the brain and
cerebral meninges; acoustic neuroma, and salivary gland tumours".
"Leukemia in adults is considered worth investigation because of the
suspected sensitivity of the haemopoietic and animal systems to
electromagnetic energy".

Dr. George Carlo (October 1999). "Laboratory studies looking at the
ability of radiation from a phone's antenna to cause functional genetic
damage were definitively positive, and were following a dose- response
relationship".

Dr. G J Hyland. University of Warwich. U.K. "Existing safety guidelines
governing exposure of the public to the radiation employed in mobile
telephony are totally inadequate, and the philosophy underlying their
formulation is fundamentally flawed."

Dr. George Carlo (October 1999). "I also indicated that while our
overall study of brain cancer occurrence did not show a correlation with
cell phone use, the vast majority of the tumours that were studied, were
well out of range of the radiation that one would expect from a cell
phone's antenna". " Because of that distance, the finding of no effect
was questionable". "Today, I sit here extremely frustrated and concerned
that appropriate steps have not been taken by the wireless industry to
protect consumers during this time of uncertainty about safety".

SUNDAY MIRROR (19.3.2000). "SWITCH OFF YOUR MOBILES UNION WARNS STAFF"

"THOUSANDS of civil servants have been warned by their union to stop
using mobile phones amid fears they could be damaging their health."

Union leader Barry Reamsbottom said: "We are probably the first union to
warn all its members against using mobile phones". "We are simply saying
medical opinion is still divided over the possible health implications
of long term usage."

· "Our message is, 'Don't gamble With Your Health'."

Dr. William Steward. "There is now scientific evidence, however, which
suggests that
there may be biological effects occurring at exposures below these
guidelines". (1.18)

Dr. Robert Becker wrote in 1990 "That radiation once considered safe, is
now correlated with increases in cancer, birth defects, depression,
learning disabilities, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Alzheimer's Disease and
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome."

Dr. Alan Preece (Bristol University) reports on the alteration of human
brain functions. Proves there is scientific evidence.

Dr. William Steward. "There is now evidence that effects on biological
functions, including those of the brain, may be induced by RF radiation
at levels comparable to those associated with the use of mobile phones.
There is, as yet, no evidence that these biological effects constitute a
health hazard but at present only limited data are available. This is
one reason why we recommend a precautionary approach." (1.56)

Dr. Madeleine Bastide (Montpellier University). Shows that the low
frequency of mobile phones generates malfunction in the system which
controls stress. Concludes that this phenomenon may be responsible for
the increase of violence observed in areas exposed to mobile phone and
base station fields.

Linda Moulton Howe interview Dr. Robert O. Becker (May 14, 2000) "AND
WOULD YOU PUT AT THE TOP OF THAT LIST IRRATIONAL VIOLENCE AND ROAD RAGE?

Dr. Robert Becker: "Yeah, I would put it up there. I don't know if it's
the first thing on the list. If you look at the proliferation of what is
called Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) - that wasn't even here when I
was young. That was not a diagnosis. It never existed."

Dr. William Steward. "There are well-established examples in the
literature of the genetic predisposition of some groups, which could
influence sensitivity to disease. There could also be a dependence on
age." (1.19)

Dr. Neil Cherry. University of Lincoln (February 5, 2000) "Since our
brains detect and use very low frequency signals from the Schumann
Resonances, which have a mean intensity of about 0.0000001
microwatts/sq. cm. (0.1 picowatts/sq. cm.), it is not surprising that at
exposures which are millions of times higher, there is increased brain
cell damage and an increased risk of brain tumor in a dose-response
manner. This kind of result is indicative of cause and effect."

Dr. Neil Cherry. (June 2000). "With the similarity of FM radio and TV
signals and analogue cell phones, studies of health effects at very low
mean exposure levels for those living in the vicinity of broadcast
towers is relevant to the consideration of the health effects around
cell sites."

3.6.1. BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ALTERATION

This alteration was well-known in the former USSR over 25 ys. ago. It
was confirmed in the U.S. 20 ys ago, report pending publication.
Recently the Universitetssjukhuset (LUND, Sweden) has confirmed Blood
Brain Barrier alteration.

"Biological effects due to exposure to electromagnetic radiation of 915
MHz modulated amplitude". Person, Bertil; Malmgren, Lars; Salford, Lief
G; Brun, Arne. "Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in rats
Biological effects of amplitude modulated RF fields upon the blood-brain
barrier (BBB) has been investigated by exposure of Fischer 344 rats".
"The presence of albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated
immunohistochemically. The controls show albumin leakage in 15% of the
examined rat brains."

With the weakening of the Blood Brain Barrier, the human brain is
powerless against viruses, blood impurities and food additives. The
glucose in the blood penetrates into the brain and destroys neurons.
Proteins present in the brain may cause Alzheimer and Parkinson
diseases. The barriers of cells are drastically weakened as well.

Dr. George Carlo (October 1999) "The rate of death from brain cancer
among handheld phone users was higher than the rate of brain cancer
death among those who used non-handheld phones that were away from their
head."

SUNDY MIRROR. (23.4.2000). "Mobile masts fear after two friends die".
"Shocked neighbours demand probe". "Mother-of-two Julie Meconi, 49, and
best friend Margaret Aldridge, 54, both suffered identical
haemorrhages."

Alisdair Phillips, of the pressure group Powerwatch, said: "These deaths
must be investigated. The microwaves break down the blood brain barrier
which keeps out noxious substances. A powerful mast could also lead to
haemorrhaging."

Dr. L Von Klitzing from Lübeck (Germany) studied this alteration 6 ys.
ago. Reports that microwave radiation emitted by a mobile phone may
alter the E.E.G. of human beings standing 10 mts away from it. The
power which alters the E.E.G. is 0.1 microW / cm2 .

3.6.3. HEALTH ALTERATION: CHROMOSOME DAMAGE.

Dr. H. Lai and Dr. N. P. Singh, Washington University studied this
phenomenon 6 ys. ago. "Acute Low-intensity Microwave Exposure Increase
DNA Single-strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells." Bioelectromagnetics, 16,
207-210. 1995.
· The power which alters the Chromosome is 0.1 microW / cm2 .

3.7. CHROMOSOME DAMAGE AND "WAR-GAME":

Norm Sandler. Motorola company mail: "I think we have sufficiently war-
gamed the Lai / Singh issue". This research was deliberately blocked
for 5 ys. as reported by a BBC video programme.

Dr. Neil Cherry, University of Lincoln. New Zealand. (February 2000).
"But don't keep the phone in a breast pocket or on your belt near your
liver, kidneys, womb or testes because the microwave radiation can break
chromosomes wherever they are."

Dr. G J Hyland. (February 2000) "iv) A six-fold increase in chromosome
damage in cows, subject to a likely maximum exposure of 0.1 microW/cm2
[65]."

Dr. Neil Cherry, (May 2000). "My problem is that there is so much
research that shows adverse biological and health effects, but there is
a conserted campaign to ignore, discredit or attack the messengers."

Dr. Robert Becker (May 2000) "There are now too many industrial and
political interests vested in the exponential growth and profits of the
global telecommunications industry, regardless of the impact on cancers
and neurological disease".

Dr. G J Hyland (February 2000). "The microwave signals used in the
digital GSM system of mobile telephony similarly 'flash', 217 times per
second, this flashing being 'punctuated' at the much slower rate of 8.34
per second. More precisely, the transmitted signal is divided into 8
time slots, allowing 8 channels to co-exist within each carrier. The
total time to transmit all 8 slots (known as a 'frame') is 4.6
milli-seconds, so that 217 frames are transmitted per second. These
(main) time frames are, however, grouped into multi-frames, each
containing 26 frames, one of which, however, is simply a synchronisation
frame; it is this feature that gives rise to the 8.34Hz component in the
emitted signal (i.e. there are approximately 8 distinct groups per
second, each containing 25 'flashes') - a frequency that happens to lie
in the range of the important alpha brainwaves!".

Dr. Neil Cherry (May 2000). "Electromagnetic Radiation is damaging to
Brains, Hearts, Embryos, Hormones and Cells. It is therefore a threat to
Intellegent Hearty Life. Electromagnetic radiation resonantly interacts
with bodies and cells, Interfering with cell-to-cell communication, cell
growth and regulation, and is damaging the genetic basis of life."

Dr. George Carlo (October 1999). "Alarmingly, indications are that some
segments of the industry have ignored the scientific findings suggesting
potential health effects, have repeatedly and falsely claimed that
wireless phones are safe for all consumers including children, and have
created an illusion of responsible follow up by calling for and
supporting more research."

Dr. William Steward. "We commend the World Health Organization (WHO) for
encouraging the use of standard experimental protocols under realistic
exposure conditions relevant to mobile phone technology. (1.56)"

Microwave radiation had been used against the U.S. Embassy in Moscow
since 1953 until it was detected at the beginning of the 60's. Dr.
Koslow who was responsible for this method of "microwave bombardment"
against people established the "power" and "time of exposure".

· Low "Power": Microwave "external" radiation limited to 5 - 18
microW/cm2.
· Limited "Time": "Microwave bombardment" limited to 40 hs. per week.

Two researchers Dr Cyril M. Smith and Dr. Simon Best reported that the
frequency used was in the range of 2.56 and 4.1 GHz and power remained
steady at 5 microW/ cm2. Two supplementary beams appeared between 1973
and 1975 with powers of 18 microW/ cm2.

· Repetitive Deaths: Three consecutive U.S. Ambassadors died of cancer.

Dr. John Goldsmith from Israel remarks on the general increase of deaths
caused by leukemia and cancer, preferably in women and children.

4.3.1. U.S. EMBASSY IN MOSCOW STUDY

Dr. Neil Cherry. (June 2000). "Goldsmith (1997) reported elevated
mutagenesis and carcinogenesis among the employees and dependents that
were chronically exposed to a very low intensity radar signal the U.S.
Embassy in Moscow in the 1950's to 1970's. For most of the time the
external signal strength was measured at 5 mW/cm2 for 9 hours/day on the
West Facade of the building where the radar was pointed, Lilienfeld et
al. (1978)".

"To get the full strength of the signal a person would have to stand at
an open window on the west side of the building at the 6th floor,
Pollack (1979). Hence allowing for the internal signal strengths to be
between 20 and 100 times lower, the occupants of the embassy were
exposed to a long-term average radar signal in the range of 0.02 to
0.1mW/cm2. Blood tests showed significantly elevated chromosome
aberrations in more than half of the people sampled. Leukaemia rates
were elevated for adults and children."

Microwave Syndrome. "These symptoms are consistent with the "Microwave
Syndrome" of the "Radiofrequency Radiation Sickness", Johnson-Liakouris
(1998). Mild et al. (1998) identified significant dose-response
relationships for the following symptoms from the use of mobile phones:
Memory Loss, Difficulty in Concentrating, Headache and Fatigue. Hence it
is now shown and known that RF/MW exposure from extremely low but
chronic exposure over many years, occupational exposure and cell phone
use all produces significant and consistent neurological symptoms."

Dominant cancers "The dominant cancers are brain tumor and leukaemia
and reproductive organ cancer. But this study, like the Korean War
Study, confirms that extremely low level chronic microwave exposure is
associated which very significant increases in illness and mortality in
organs across the whole body, consistent with widespread cellular
chromosome damage."

Dr. George Carlo. The Express (UK) (16.10.1999) "Following my
presentation I heard by voice vote of those present, a pledge to do the
right thing in following up these findings. But since I presented my
findings, which they found surprising, they have failed to do anything.
In that time there have been another 15 million users in the States and
thousands more in Britain. From a consumer point of view the delaying
tactic is not good but from a business point of view its great".

Dr. George Carlo (October 1999) "The question of wireless phone safety
is unclear".

Dr. G J Hyland (MEMORANDUM) (February 2000). "What is so appallingly
scandalous from a regulatory point of view is that the majority of these
symptoms have been known - from experience with radiation having certain
features in common with that now used in mobile telephony - for over 25
years, but have been studiously ignored, presumably on account of the
negative impact their revelation would undoubtedly have had on the
market growth and development of mobile telephony products; it is
interesting in this connection to note the following statement that
appeared in a United States Defence Intelligence Agency Report [16] on
contemporary Soviet research into biological effects of low intensity
microwave radiation, dating from as long ago as 1976:

Dr. Neil Cherry. (May 2000). "My problem is that there is so much
research that shows adverse biological and health effects, but there is
a conserted campaign to ignore, discredit or attack the messengers. The
studies are not generally known by authorities who trust bodies that
appear to be reliable but who deliberately mis-quote and mis-represent
the published research. This continues to delay measures to protect
public health by retaining the strongly misproven assumption of tissue
heating being the only effect."

Dr. William Steward. "The base stations for macrocells have power
outputs of tens of watts and communicate with phones up to about 35
kilometres (22 miles) distant." (1.8)

5.3. FOR A BASE STATION: "EXCLUSION ZONE" AND DUTY TO INFORM

Dr. William Steward. "We recommend the establishment of clearly defined
physical exclusion zones around base station antennas, which delineate
areas within which exposure guidelines may be exceeded." (1.44)

5.4. ESTABLISH A LIMIT IN "POWER" AND "DISTANCE": "NO HUMAN PRESENCE".

· VITAL TARGET: establish a strict limit in Power for "NO HUMAN
PRESENCE".

Limit in "Power" and "Safe Distance" should be controlled so as to
guarantee health long-term. Strict and vital limit: It is imperative to
"guarantee" the health long-term. People are passively bearing the
aggression of "microwave bombardment" 168 hs. per week devoid of
information and protection.

5.4.1. YEAR 1993. PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL (U.S.): HEALTH DISTANCE 610 mts.

The "Butler Pennsylvania Council" ruled in 1993 that a protection
distance of 610 mts (2,000 feet) should exist between antennas and
buildings such as schools and apartments.

5.4.2. YEAR 1995. HEALTH EXPOSURE LIMIT of 2 microW/cm2 . NEW ZEALAND.

Dr. Neil Cherry (June 2000). "In 1995 a New Zealand Environment Court
(as the Planning Tribunal) decided to set a public exposure limit of 2
microW/cm2 for from a BellSouth GSM cell site. This was based on
evidence of biological effects, including calcium ion efflux, enhanced
ODC activity and EEG change down to 2.9microW/cm2. There was also
epidemiological evidence of childhood leukaemia at 2.4microW/cm2. The
primary expert witness for BellSouth was WHO staff member Dr Michael
Repacholi from Australia."

"Public health surveys of people living in the vicinity of cell site
base stations should be being carried out now, and continue
progressively over the next two decades. This is because prompt effects
such as miscarriage, cardiac disruption, sleep disturbance and chronic
fatigue could well be early indicators of the adverse health effects.
Symptoms of reduced immune system competence, cardiac problems,
especially of the arrhythmic type and cancers, especially brain tumour
and leukaemia are probable. However, since cell phone radiation has
already been shown to reduce melatonin, damage DNA and chromosomes,
surveys should look for a very wide range health effects and not be
limited to a narrow set."

5.4.6. YEAR 2000. SALZBURG RESOLUTION. OUTSIDES LIMIT of 0.1
microW/cm2.

"Recommendations of specific exposure limits are prone to considerable
uncertainties and should be considered preliminary. For the total of all
highfrequency irradiation a limit value of 100 miliW/m2 (10 microW/cm2)
is recommended".

"For preventive public health protection a preliminary guideline level
for the sum total of all immissions from ELF pulse modulated
high-frequency exposure facilities such as GSM base stations of 1
miliW/m2 (0.1 microW/cm2) is recommended".

5.5. ENDOCRINE EFFECTS OF "LOW INTENSITY MICROWAVE EXPOSURE".

From: Deb Carney To: Roy Beavers (29.2.2000). "Our thanks to Dr. Lai,
who has identified 2 papers on the effect of low intensity microwave
exposure on insulin (diabetes connection), stress and sex hormones."

"There is a paper by two Russians (Ukrainians) Navakatikian and
Tomashevskaya on effects of
low intensity microwave exposure on stress hormones, insulin (the
hormone related to diabetes), and sex hormone. The paper is published in
English (Navakatikian, M.A., and Tomashevskaya, L.A., 1994, Phasic
behavioral and endocrine effects of microwaves of nonthermal intensity.
In: "Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields, vol. 1", D.O.
Carpenter, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA., pp. 333-342)."

5.6. POWER LIMIT AND "DEATH HAZARD" DISTANCE. IN LONG-TERM EXPOSURE.

Scientific reference based on real experiment: "microwave bombardment"
against people. Deadly radiation from Lilienfeld's report, about
microwave in Moscow, 25 ys ago. (Also the health hazard from Blood Brain
Barrier alteration has been reported since 1972).

· "Outside Power" 5 - 18 microW / cm2 and "Exposure Time" 40 hs per
week.

Based on the SCALE of NINE DEGREES OF HEALTH HAZARD the "DEATH HAZARD"
distance for the Power density of 18 microW /cm2 is:

· FOR A BASE STATION: "DEATH HAZARD DISTANCE": 22 - 40 mts.

For a 40 W antenna: "Death hazard" distance: 22 mts. (40 hs. per week
exposure)
For a 160 W antenna: "Death hazard" distance: 40 mts. (40 hs per week
exposure)

This is the horrible reality, which many families are facing today as
"microwave bombardment" with anguish and the need of a recommended
health control during tow decades.

5.6.1 WHAT SHOULD BE THE "DEATH HAZARD DISTANCE" FOR "168 hs./ week"?.

· FOR A BASE STATION "Death hazard" distance is 22-40 mts for 18
microW/cm2, and 40 hs. per week radiation?. What should be the "Distance
for 168 hs. per week radiation"?

Do parents know of this vital information concerning "microwave
bombardment" liable to alter neuron currents, sleep, stress, attention
and even cause chromosomes to break?

· FOR A MOBILE PHONE : "DEATH HAZARD" DISTANCE : 0.5 mts

0.5 mts is the estimated hazard Distance for a Pacemaker to malfunction.
Is there not a strong likelihood then that children and foetuses be
affected with distances shorter than 0.5 mts.?

April 2000. Mobile phones were banned by one of Japan's leading railway
companies.

5.7. LIMIT OF POWER AND DISTANCE TO PREVENT "CHROMOSOME DAMAGE"

· CHROMOSOME DAMAGE occurs at 0.1 microW/ cm2 Power.

Dr. G.J. Hyland: "A six-fold increase in chromosome damage in cows,
subject to a likely maximum exposure of 0.1mW/cm2.."
The use of microwave which has shown to cause "Chromosome damage" ought
to be regulated. Is important that a "Safety distance" be established
for the use of one mobile phone in public spaces?.

Should this radiation be listed as dangerous? As a weapon liable to
cause Chromosome damage?

· FOR A BASE STATION: "CHROMOSOME DAMAGE" DISTANCE: 500 mts.

According to the NINE DEGREES OF HEALTH HAZARD SCALE for a 40 W antenna
power this "Distance" is 300 mts, for 160 W antenna power safety
distance should be 500 mts.

· FOR A MOBILE PHONE: "CHROMOSOME DAMAGE" SAFETY DISTANCE: 10 mts.

The 10 mts. security distance coincides with the one established by Dr.
L. Klitzing in 1995 for a mobile phone 0.1 microW/cm2 power which causes
E.E.G. alteration.

5.7.1. "10 MTS. DISTANCE". IS THE SAFETY DISTANCE FOR MOBILE PHONE?

EL PERIÓDICO Barcelona. (August 2000). SAFETY DISTANCE TO PREVENT RISK
OF EXPLOSIONS OR INTERFERENCES:

"Esso, Shell, British Petroleum and Cepsa (Spain) have banned the use of
mobile phones in their stations owing to risks of explosions or
interferences in their pumps. Prevention measures restrict use in an
area 10 mts in radius." "It is suspected that the use of mobile phone
caused an explosion in a petrol station in Japan two years ago. Shell on
the contrary regards this possibility as very unlikely though it
concludes "our studies lead us to recommend the ban".

5.8. LIMIT OF POWER AT NIGHT. HEALTH DISTANCE IN "MELATONINE ALTERATION"

"MELATONINE ALTERATION" occurs at an established Power: 0.02 microW/cm2.

According to the SACLE of NINE DEGREES for a 40 W antenna power
"Melatonine alteration" occurs within a distance of 600 mts., and for a
160 W antenna power is 1.000 mts.

According to the SCALE of NINE DEGREES OF HEALTH HAZARD the "Melatonine
alteration" for a mobile phone 1 W Power occurs within a distance of 20
mts.

5.8.1. "MELATONINE ALTERATION" AND PULSED NIGHT RADIATION.

Dr. Neil Cherry. (February 2000). "Melatonin is a potent free radical
scavenger. A good night's sleep produces good melatonin. Unfortunately
as we age, we have lower and lower natural melatonin which causes
accelerated cell death and cell damage. This is why cancer rates rise
very significantly after 65 years. It is also the cause of neurological
degeneration and disease." "The new digital phones are microwave. The
signal is pulsed to produce the digital signal. Pulses are shown to be
worse than continuous waves in causing cell damage and cancer."

Dr. Denis Henshaw. THE TIMES (12, March,2001). A study last week linked
power lines to leukaemia.: "The dominant effect of the magnetic field,
Henshaw says, is in influencing mood. His survey of existing data leads
him to the figure of 60 suicides a year, as well as thousands of cases
of depression". "There have been papers on this for 20 years".
"Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland at night. Populations living
near these things are obviously sleeping near them, and they show
striking effects. Utility company workers show lower effects but they
are exposed during the daytime, so that's what you would expect."

5.9. CORE INFORMATION: LAW ENFORCEMENT FOR POWER AND DISTANCE.

· "NON-ARBITRARY DISTANCE" FOR PERMANENT AND "NIGHT" RADIATION.

BASIC SCIENTIFIC DATA                      BASE
STATION                   MOBILE PHONE
(POWER OF TRANSMITTER)                ( 40W - INPUT - 160 W
)                      ( 1 W )

THERMAL Distance "SAR" 3 mts 6 mts 0.05 mts.

"Death hazard" (40 h/week) 22 mts 40 mts 0.5 mts.
"Microwave bombardment"

NO HUMAN PRESENCE 60 mts 100 mts 2.5 mts.
"Bombardment DAY and NIGHT"

CHROMOSOME DAMAGE 300 mts. 500 mts. 10.0 mts.

MELATONINE ALTERATION 600 mts. 1,000 mts. 20.0 mts.

Dr. William Steward. "We recommend that particular attention should be
paid initially to the auditing of base stations near to schools and
other sensitive sites". (1.41)

The power which triggers "Melatonine alteration" of 0.02 microW/cm2
should be recorded in order to protect people against long-term health
hazards. Melatonine is a natural protector against cancer. Its damage
especially during night-time causes brain malfunction.

5.9.1 CORE INFORMATION: "UNIT OF POWER" AND "LONG-TERM GUARANTY"

I t is of paramount importance to protect people against the high Power
transmitted at close range and the "Long-term" exposure to "microwave
bombardment" of 168 hs. per week.

THE UNIT OF POWER discloses information concerning the FALSE THERMAL
UNIT "SAR" which limits the "legal distance" to 3 mts. inside the
EPICENTRE of the radiation. With levels of Power exceeding millions of
times the power of neuronal BRAIN SIGNAL.

Focusing the attention: The enforcement of a law that establishes an
adequate safety distance for base stations should lead to mobile phones
being detached from the user's hands and brains.

The current DISTANCE ZERO for a mobile phone means ZERO PROTECTION. This
ERROR "DISTANCE ZERO" subjects the Brain to powers 10,000,000,000 times
greater than the neuron currents BRAIN SIGNAL thus exposing it to open
the BBB in 2 minutes.

· HEALTH HAZARD AND CHILD POPULATION: UNDER 16.

Dr. William Steward: "If there are currently unrecognised adverse health
effects from the use of mobile phones, children may be more vulnerable
because of their developing nervous system, the greater absorption of
energy in the tissues of the head." (1.53)
Dr. William Steward: "In line with our precautionary approach, at this
time, we believe that the widespread use of mobile phones by children
for non-essential calls should be discouraged". (1.53)

Dr. Robert O Becker (May 2000) "I certainly would not permit any child
of mine under the age of sixteen to walk around with a cell phone in
their pocket."

· HEALTH HAZARD AND MOTORCAR DRIVING

Dr. William Steward. "There is evidence that using a mobile phone whilst
driving can increase the risk of accidents." (1.5). "The use of mobile
phones whilst driving is a major issue of concern and experimental
evidence demonstrates that it has a detrimental effect on drivers
responsiveness." (1.22)

5.10. WRONG CRITERIA AND "FALSE-SAFETY DISTANCE" IN BASE STATIONS.

BASIC SCIENTIFIC DATA IN A BASE STATION MOBILE
PHONE

ERROR IN DISTANCE                  NO LEGISLATION                 ZERO
DISTANCE
ERROR IN METRES                       Metres?
kilometres                   Error: 0.00 Metres.

Dr. George Carlo (October 1999). "From a public health perspective, it
is critical for consumers to have the information they need to make an
informed judgement about how much of this unknown risk they wish to
assume in their use of wireless phones. Informing consumers openly and
honestly about what is known and not-known about health risks is not
liability laden - it is evidence that your industry is being
responsible, and doing all it can to assure safe use of its products."

· CORE WRONG CRITERIA: ONE MOBILE PHONE HAS "ZERO DISTANCE".

ERROR IN A BASE STATION: "WRONG SECURITY DISTANCE" DAY AND NIGHT.
INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION : NEW FREQUENCIES DEVOID OF GUARANTEE.

Dr. G J Hyland. University of Warwich. U.K. "Existing safety guidelines
are, however, inadequate in a quite different, more fundamental way.
Namely, that they completely fail to consider the possibility of adverse
health effects linked to the fact that living organisms - and only
living ones - have the ability [2] to respond to aspects of
technologically produced radiation, other than its intensity, and can,
accordingly, respond at intensities well below the limits imposed by the
safety guidelines".

6.3. "NON-THERMAL" CONCEPT AND "VIENNA RESOLUTION". ADDS CONFUSION?.

In Vienna, Austria. "Workshop on Possible Biological and Health Effects
of RF Electromagnetic Fields", (October 25-28.1998) adopted the
resolution. According to Dr. Michael Kundi,

MICROWAVE NEWS November 1998. "The preferred terminology to be used in
public communication: Instead of using the terms "athermal",
"nonthermal" or "microthermal" effects, the term "low intensity
biological effects" is more appropriate."
· Why should a fundamental concept as "non-thermal" be changed?

6.4. DISCARD RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS: "RESEARCH CENTRE CLOSED DOWN".

From my own experience, since I am exposed to radiation at close range

(5 mts away), and as an Industrial Engineer I submitted to the European
Commission (22.6.1999) a proposal to carry out research with animals 168
hs/week using the SCALE of NINE DEGREES. Research rejected.

Research programme: The research programme consisted basically of
exposing 168 h/week "farm animals" to direct microwave radiation at
close range from a base station antenna Power 500 W.

· The International Congress of Bioelectromagnetism: Science, Medicine
and Progress was held in Alcalá de Henares (Madrid). Institute directed
by Dr. J. L. Bardasano. On the morning of November12 I personally
submitted to the Congress the SCALE of NINE DEGREES OF HEALTH HAZARD.
And today remained closed.

8.2 INDIVIDUAL EMITTER: METHOD LIMITED TO PRIVATE AND AUTHORISED USE.

Each user has a new INDIVIDUAL GROUP "EMITTER-RECEPTOR-ANTENNA-HANDLE"
which sends "microwave signals" to attain the private mobile
communication. This GROUP is connected by wire/wirelessly to the
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION GROUP mentioned above.

Both GROUPS fit together and resemble a conventional mobile phone. This
GROUP "EMITTER-RECEPTOR-ANTENNA-HANDLE" must be placed at a safety
distance of 10-20 metres, in order to protect the user in DEGREE 5 The
handle protects user's hand against power banned "Workers" in the
distance of 5-15 cm. (Protection today ignored in the use of mobile
phones).

It is important to protect the user and the "general public" by DEGREE
5, 0.1 microW/cm2 as health hazard "break chromosome". In urban centres
the user communicates with the traditional mobile phone "microwave-free"
and to base stations in a security distance of 1,500-9,000 metres.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A presentation at the "Cell Tower Forum: State of the Science/State of the Law" sponsored by the Berkeshire-Litchfield Environmental Council on December 2, 2000, in Lakeville, CT.

Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation from

Wireless Transmission Towers

Henry Lai

Bioelectromagnetics Research Laboratory

Department of Bioengineering

University of Washington

Seattle, WA

Some Definitions:

Wireless transmission towers for radio, TV, telecommunications, radar and many other applications, emit radiofrequency radiation (RFR). Once emitted, the radiation travels through space at the speed of light and oscillates during propagation (like waves in the ocean). How many times the wave oscillates in one second determines its frequency.

Radiofrequency radiation covers a large segment of the electromagnetic spectrum and falls within the non-ionizing bands. Its frequency ranges between 10 kilohertz (KHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). [One hertz (Hz) is one oscillation per second. One kilohertz (KHz) is 1000 Hz; one megahertz (MHz) is 1,000,000 Hz; and 1 gigahertz (GHz) is 1,000,000,000 Hz.]

Different frequencies of RFR are used in different applications. For example, the frequency range of 5.4 to 16 KHz is used in AM radio transmission, while 76 to 108 MHz is used for FM radio. Cell phone technology uses frequencies between 800 MHz and 3 GHz. And RFR of 2,450 MHz is used in microwave cooking. These are just a few examples.

The intensity of RFR is called the power density. Generally, it is measured in milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm2) which is an energy relationship that exists in space. However, biological effects depend on how much of the energy is absorbed in the body of a living organism, not just what exists in space.

Absorption of RFR depends on many factors including the transmission frequency and the intensity, the duration of exposure, and one's distance from the source. Other factors include an organism's size, shape, water content, and orientation toward the radiating source. Children, for instance, absorb energy differently than adults.

The term used to describe the absorption of radiofrequency radiation is "specific absorption rate" or SAR, which is the rate of energy that is actually absorbed. Specific absorption rates are measured in watts per kilogram (W/kg) of tissue.

Specific absorption rates are a more reliable determinant and index of RFR biological effects than are power densities because SARs reflect what is actually being absorbed rather than an energy quotient in space.

In addition to SARs, there are some indications that biological effects may also depend on how energy is deposited in the body. Different propagation characteristics such as 'modulation,' or different wave-forms and shapes may have different effects on a living system. For example, the same amount of energy can be delivered to tissue 'continuously' or 'in short pulses'. Different biological effects may result depending on the type, kind, and duration of the exposure.

Transmission Facilities:

The intensity of RFR decreases with the distance from the generating source, therefore exposure to RFR from transmission towers is usually of low intensity depending on one's proximity. But intensity is not the only factor. Living near a facility means the

exposure will be of a long duration because a person will be exposed to radiation for many hours in the day.

Thus, the relevant questions are:

(1) Do biological/health effects occur after exposure to low-intensity RFR?

(2) Do effects accumulate over time, since the exposure is of a long duration and is usually intermittent?

(3) What precisely is low-intensity RFR and what might its biological effects be?

(4) What does the science tell us about such exposures?

RFR Government Guidelines: How Spatial Energy Translates to the Body's Absorption:

The U.S. Federal Communications Commission has issued guidelines for both power density and specific absorption rates. For power density, the U.S. guidelines are between 0.2 - 1 mW/cm2. At 100-200 ft from a cell phone base station, a person can be exposed to a power density of 0.001 mW/cm2 (i.e. 1 microwatt/cm2). The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) at such a distance can be 0.001 W/kg (i.e., 1 milliwatt/kg). The U.S. guidelines for SARs are between 0.08 - 0.4 W/kg. Thus, lets define low-intensity exposure to RFR of power density of 0.001 mW/cm2, or a SAR of 0.001 W/kg.

Biological Effects at Low Intensities:

Do biological effects occur at such low intensities? Many have been documented. Here are some examples of biological effects that occurred in studies of cell cultures and animals after exposures to low-intensity RFR:

(1) De Pomerai et al. [2000] reported an increase in a molecular stress response in cells after exposure to a RFR at a SAR of 0.001 W/kg. This stress response is a basic biological process that is present in almost all animals -- including humans.

(2) Dutta et al. [1989] reported an increase in calcium efflux in cells after exposure to RFR at 0.005 W/kg. Calcium is an important component of normal cellular functions.

(3) Fesenko et al. [1999] reported a change in immunological functions in mice after exposure to RFR at a power density of 0.001 mW/cm2.

(4) Magras and Xenos [1999] reported a decrease in reproductive function in mice exposed to RFR at power densities of 0.000168 - 0.001053 mW/cm2.

(5) Persson et al. [1997] reported an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in mice exposed to RFR at 0.0004 -0.008 W/kg. The blood-brain barrier envelops the brain and protects it from toxic substances.

(6) Phillips et al. [1998] reported DNA damage in cells exposed to RFR at SAR of 0.0024 - 0.024 W/kg.

(7) Velizarov et al. [1999] showed a decrease in cell proliferation (division) after exposure to RFR of 0.000021-0.0021 W/kg.

These are important findings at such low-intensity exposures. There are many other reports in the recent research literature showing biological effects in cell cultures and animals after exposure to low-intensity RFR. But we don't know if these effects occur in humans exposed to low-intensity RFR, or whether the reported effects are health hazards. Biological effects do not automatically mean adverse health effects. Many biological effects are reversible. However, it is very clear that low-intensity RFR is not biologically inert. Much more needs to be learned, however, before a presumption of safety can be made.

Long-Term Exposures and Cumulative Effects:

There are flaws and important gaps in the RFR research. The majority of the studies on RFR have been conducted with short-term exposures, i.e. a few minutes to several hours. Little is known about the effects of long-term exposure such as would be experienced by

people living near telecommunications installations, especially with exposures spanning months or years. What are the effects of long-term exposure? Does long-term exposure produce different effects from short-term exposure? Do effects accumulate over time?

There is some evidence that effects of RFR do accumulate over time. Here are some examples:

1.. (1) Phillips et al. [1998] reported DNA damage in cells after 24 hours of exposure to low intensity RFR. DNA damage can lead to gene mutation, which accumulates over time.

2.. (2) Magras and Xenos [1999] reported that mice exposed to low-intensity RFR became less reproductive. After five generations of exposure, the mice were not able to produce offspring. This shows that the effect of RFR can pass from one generation to another.

3.. (3) Persson et al. [1997] reported an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier in mice when the energy deposited in the body exceeded 1.5 J/kg (joule per kilogram) -- a measurement of the total amount of energy deposited. This suggests that a short-term/high intensity exposure can produce the same effect as a long-term/low intensity exposure. This is another indication that RFR effects can accumulate over time.

There is some indication that an animal becomes more sensitive to the radiation after long-term exposure. Let us consider two of the critical experiments that contributed to the present U.S. RFR-exposure standards -- the 'Behavior-Disruption Experiments' carried out in the 1980s:

In the first experiment, de Lorge and Ezell [1980] trained rats on an 'auditory observing-response task'. In the task, an animal was presented with two bars. Pressing the right bar would produce either a low-pitch or a high-pitch tone for half a second. The low-pitch tone signaled an 'unrewarded' situation and the animal was expected to do nothing. However, when the high-pitch tone was on, pressing the left bar would produce a food reward. Thus, the task required continuous

vigilance in which an animal had to coordinate its motor responses according to the stimulus presented in order to get a reward by choosing between a high pitch or low pitch tone. After learning the task, rats were then irradiated with 1280-MHz or 5620-MHz RFR during performance. Disruption of behavior (i.e., the rats couldn't perform very well) was observed at a SAR of 3.75 W/kg for 1280-MHz and 4.9 W/kg for 5620-MHz. Disruption occurred within 30-60 minutes of exposure.

In another experiment, de Lorge [1984] trained monkeys on a similar 'auditory observing-response task'. Monkeys were exposed to RFR of 225, 1300, and 5800 MHz. Disruption of performance was observed at 8.1 mW/cm2 (SAR 3.2 W/kg) for 225-MHz, 57 mW/cm2 (SAR 7.4 W/kg) for 1300 MHz, and 140 mW/cm2 (SAR 4.3 W/kg) for 5800 MHz. The disruption occurred when body temperature was increased by 1oC.

The conclusion from these experiments is that 'disruption of behavior occurred when an animal was exposed at a SAR of approximately 4 W/kg, and disruption occurred after 30-60 minutes of exposure and when body temperature increased by 1oC.' Thus, the 4 W/kg figure is used in the setting of the present U.S. RFR exposure guidelines for humans with theoretical margins of safety added. With this, the limit for occupational exposure was set at 0.4 W/kg (i.e. 1/10 of the SAR where effects were observed) and for public exposure 0.08 W/kg (i.e. 1/5 of that of occupational exposure). But is this standard adequate?

The studies described above are effects of short-term exposure (less than 1 hour). Are they comparable to long-term exposure? The same investigators of the above short-term exposure experiments reported two series of experiments in 1986 on the effects of long-term exposure. Here are the results:

D'Andrea et al. [1986a] exposed rats to 2450-MHz RFR for 7 hours a day, 7 days a week for 14 weeks. They reported a disruption of behavior at an SAR of 0.7 W/kg.

D'Andrea et al. [1986b] also exposed rats to 2450-MHz RFR for 7 hours a day, 7 days a /week, for 90 days at an SAR of 0.14 W/kg and found a small but significant disruption in behavior. The experimenters concluded, "the threshold for behavioral and physiological effects of chronic (long-term) RFR exposure in the rat occurs between 0.5 mW/cm2 (0.14 W/kg) and 2.5 mW/cm22 (0.7 W/kg)." Thus, RFR can produce an effect at much lower intensities after an animal is chronically exposed. This can have very significant implications for people exposed to RFR from transmission towers.

Other Observations:

Other biological outcomes also have been reported after long-term exposure to RFR:

(1) Effects were observed after prolonged, repeated exposure but not after short-term exposure [e.g., Baranski, 1972; Takashima et al., 1979].

(2) Effects that were observed after short-term exposure, disappeared after prolonged, repeated exposure (habituation) [e.g., Johnson et al., 1983; Lai et al., 1987, 1992].

(3) Different effects were observed after different durations of exposure [e.g., Dumanski and Shandala, 1974; Lai et al., 1989].

The conclusion from this body of work is that effects of long-term exposure can be quite different from those of short-term exposure.

Effects Below 4 W/kg: Thermal v. Non-Thermal

There are many studies that show biological effects at SARs less than 4 W/kg after short-term exposure to RFR. For example, effects on behavior have been observed at SARs less than 4 W/kg. (D'Andrea et al [1986a,b] 0.14 to 0.7 W/kg; DeWitt et al. [1987] 0.14 W/kg; Gage [1979] 3 W/kg; King et al. [1971] 2.4 W/kg; Lai et al. [1989] 0.6 W/kg; Mitchell et al. [1977] 2.3 W/kg; Navakatikian and Tomashevskaya [1994] 0.027 W/kg; Schrot et al. [1980] 0.7

W/kg; Thomas et al. [1975] 1.5 to 2.7 W/kg; Wang and Lai [2000] 1.2 W/kg).

For decades, there have been questions about whether an effect is thermal (i.e., a significant change in temperature) or non-thermal (i.e., no significant change in temperature). The present guidelines, as mentioned before, are based on thermal effects (e.g., a change of body temperature of 1oC). However, this distinction is now obsolete. We actually don't need to know whether RFR effects are thermal or non-thermal to set exposure guidelines for RFR exposure. Most of the studies on biological effects of RFR carried out since the 1980's were under 'non-thermal' conditions. In studies using isolated cells, the ambient temperature during exposure was generally well controlled. In most animal studies, the RFR intensity used usually did not cause a significant increase in body temperature of the animals exposed.

But scientists continue to wonder about non-thermal effects. Most scientists recognize that non-thermal effects are established, even as the implications are not fully understood. There are several arguments for the existence of non-thermal effects:

(1) There are reports that RFRs of the same frequency and intensity but with different modulations and waveforms produce different effects [Arber and Lin, 1985; Baranski, 1972; Frey et al., 1975; Oscar and Hawkins, 1977; Sanders et al., 1985].

(2) RFR triggers effects different from an increase in temperature [D'Inzeo et al., 1988; Seaman and Wachtel, 1978; Wachtel et al., 1975].

(3) Effects are observed with RFR of very low intensities, when temperature increase is unlikely [e.g., dePomerai et al., 2000].

Conclusion:

(1) Biological effects do occur after a short-term exposure to low- intensity RFR. However, potential hazardous health effects of such exposure to humans are not clear.

(2) Not much is known about the biological effects of long-term exposure. The effects of long-term exposure can be quite different from those of short-term exposure.

(3) The present U.S. guidelines for RFR exposure are not up-to-date. The most recent IEEE Guidelines only included research data up to 1985. In addition, effects of long-term exposure, modulation and other propagation characteristics are not considered. Therefore, the current guidelines are questionable in protecting the public from possible harmful effects of RFR exposure.

(4) Exposure of the general population to RFR from wireless communication devices and transmission towers should be kept to a minimum and should follow the ALAR principle - 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable'.

Literature cited:

Arber, S.L., and Lin, J.C., 1985, Microwave-induced changes in nerve cells: effects of modulation and temperature, Bioelectromagnetics 6:257-270.

Baranski, S., 1972, Histological and histochemical effects of microwave irradiation on the central nervous system of rabbits and guinea pigs, Am J Physiol Med 51:182-190.

D'Andrea, J.A., DeWitt, J.R., Emmerson, R.Y., Bailey, C., Stensaas, S., and Gandhi, O. P., 1986a, Intermittent exposure of rat to 2450-MHz microwaves at 2.5 mW/cm2: behavioral and physiological effects, Bioelectromagnetics 7:315-328.

D'Andrea, J.A., DeWitt, J.R., Gandhi, O. P., Stensaas, S., Lords, J.L., and Nielson, H.C., 1986b, Behavioral and physiological effects of chronic 2450-MHz microwave irradiation of the rat at 0.5 mW/cm2, Bioelectromagnetics 7:45-56.

de Lorge, J.O. , 1984, Operant behavior and colonic temperature of Macaca mulatta exposed to radiofrequency fields at and above resonant frequencies. Bioelectromagnetics 5:233-246.

de Lorge, J., and Ezell, C.S., 1980, Observing-responses of rats exposed to 1.28- and 5.62-GHz microwaves, Bioelectromagnetics 1:183-198.

de Pomerai, D., Daniells, C., David, H., Allan, J., Duce, I., Mutwakil, M., Thomas, D., Sewell, P., Tattersall, J., Jones, D., and Candido, P., 2000, Non-thermal heat-shock response to microwaves, Nature 405:417-418.

DeWitt, J.R., D'Andrea, J.A., Emmerson, R.Y., and Gandhi, O.P., 1987, Behavioral effects of chronic exposure to 0.5 mW/cm2 of 2450-MHz microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics 8:149-157.

D'Inzeo, G., Bernardi, P., Eusebi, F., Grassi, F., Tamburello, C., and Zani, B.M., 1988, Microwave effects on acetylcholine-induced channels in cultured chick myotubes, Bioelectromagnetics 9:363-372.

Dumansky, J.D., and Shandala, M.G., 1974, The biologic action and hygienic significance of electromagnetic fields of super high and ultra high frequencies in densely populated areas, in: "Biologic Effects and Health Hazard of Microwave Radiation: Proceedings of an International Symposium," P. Czerski, et al., eds., Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw.

Dutta, S.K., Ghosh, B., and Blackman, C.F., 1989, Radiofrequency radiation-induced calcium ion efflux enhancement from human and other neuroblastoma cells in culture. Bioelectromagnetics 10(2):197-202.

Fesenko, E.E., Makar, V.R., Novoselova, E.G., and Sadovnikov, V.B., 1999, Microwaves and cellular immunity. I. Effect of whole body

microwave irradiation on tumor necrosis factor production in mouse cells. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 49(1):29-35.

Frey, A.H., Feld, S.R., and Frey, B., 1975, Neural function and behavior: defining the relationship. Ann N Y Acad Sci 247:433-439.

Gage, M.I., 1979, Behavior in rats after exposure to various power densities of 2450 MHz microwaves, Neurobehav Toxicol 1:137-143.

Johnson, R.B., Spackman, D., Crowley, J., Thompson, D., Chou, C.K., Kunz, L.L., and Guy, A.W., 1983, Effects of long-term low-level radiofrequency radiation exposure on rats, vol. 4, Open field behavior and corticosterone, USAF SAM-TR83-42, Report of USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX.

King, N.W., Justesen, D.R., and Clarke, R.L., 1971, Behavioral sensitivity to microwave irradiation, Science 172:398-401.

Lai, H., Horita, A., Chou, C.K., and Guy, A.W., 1987, Effects of low-level microwave irradiation on hippocampal and frontal cortical choline uptake are classically conditionable, Pharmac Biochem Behav 27:635-639.

Lai, H., Carino, M.A., and Guy, A.W., 1989, Low-level microwave irradiation and central cholinergic systems, Pharmac Biochem Behav 33:131-138.

Lai, H., Carino, M.A., Horita, A., and Guy, A.W., 1992, Single vs repeated microwave exposure: effects on benzodiazepine receptors in the brain of the rat, Bioelectromagnetics 13:57-66.

Lai, H., Carino, M.A., and Guy, A.W., 1989, Low-level microwave irradiation and central cholinergic systems, Pharmac Biochem Behav 33:131-138.

Magras, I.N., and Xenos, T.D., 1997, RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics 18(6):455-461.

Mitchell, D.S., Switzer, W.G., and Bronaugh, E.L., 1977, Hyperactivity and disruption of operant behavior in rats after multiple exposure to microwave radiation, Radio Sci 12(6):263-271.

Navakatikian, M.A., and Tomashevskaya, L.A., 1994, Phasic behavioral and endocrine effects of microwaves of nonthermal intensity. In: "Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields, vol. 1", D.O. Carpenter, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Oscar, K.J. and Hawkins, T.D., 1977, Microwave alteration of the blood-brain barrier system of rats, Brain Res 126:281-293.

Persson B.R.R., Salford L.G., and Brun, A., 1997, Blood-brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication. Wireless Network 3:455-461.

Phillips, J.L., Ivaschuk, O., Ishida-Jones, T., Jones, R.A., Campbell-Beachler, M., and Haggren, W., 1998, DNA damage in Molt-4 T- lymphoblastoid cells exposed to cellular telephone radiofrequency fields in vitro. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 45:103-110.

Sanders, A.P., Joines, W.T., and Allis, J.W., 1985, Effect of continuous-wave, pulsed, and sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated microwaves on brain energy metabolism, Bioelectromagnetics 6:89-97.

Schrot, J., Thomas, J.R., and Banvard, R.A., 1980, Modification of the repeated acquisition of response sequences in rats by low-level microwave exposure, Bioelectromagnetics 1:89-99.

Seaman, R.L., and Wachtel, H., 1978, Slow and rapid responses to CW and pulsed microwave radiation by individual Aplysia pacemakers, J Microwave Power 13:77-86

Takashima, S., Onaral, B., and Schwan, H.P., 1979, Effects of modulated RF energy on the EEG of mammalian brain, Rad Environ Biophys 16:15-27.

Thomas, J.R., Finch, E.D., Fulk, D.W., and Burch, L.S., 1975, Effects of low level microwave radiation on behavioral baselines, Ann NY Acad Sci 247:425-432.

Velizarov, S., Raskmark, P., and Kwee, S., 1999, The effects of radiofrequency fields on cell proliferation are non-thermal. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 48(1):177-180.

Wachtel, H., Seaman, R., and Joines, W., 1975, Effects of low-intensity microwaves on isolated neurons, Ann NY Acad Sci 247:46-62.

Wang, B.M., and Lai, H., 2000, Acute exposure to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves affects water-maze performance of rats, Bioelectromagnetics 21:52-56.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Testimonial of Dalan MCaren 22 Jan 2000

In September of 98,I moved into a 21 -storey government subsidized building
for seniors. The apartment that was my placement is on the 20th floor.

I emmediately began experiencing symptoms of a dizzy-off -balanced
feeling,headaches which were constant,sever insomnia,profuse
nosebleeds,sweating and a feeling like I was cooking, I was't able to
concentrate,I would often find myself throuhout the day feeling
"out-of-it"not remembering. I felt drained out and more than half dead.I
had anxiety attacks and breathlessness,felt agitated,restless and my
joints hurt and my eyes were sore. I would awaken most often around 3 AM
very suddenly feeling "cooked"anxious and like I had to go out.My chest
felt pressured and I would either lay there untill morning with all
these things going on,or often I just get up and walk the streets where
I would feel refreshed,calm and clear headed.

At first I put it down to stress from a difficult year with a major
move. But,in November of 98 ,my sister and her husband sent me a plane
ticket to visit them for a month in Toronto area,I felt good there
...slept wonderfully,had lots of energy,was clear headed,focussed,no
memory problems and felt normal,tranquil and very cheerful.

I returned in December and immediately the nosebleeds and all the
symptoms returned.I continued suffering the above symptoms (plus many
other ones) until I went away for 6 weeks in the summer to Vancouver
Island to visit my father.Again I felt normal with lots of energy and
focus inspite of it being a stressful time with my father being ill and in hospital.

I returned and again -all the symptoms.By this time I had become aware
of the effects of microwave towers and telecomunications installations
through a magazine articel and also through talking to a repairman from
the cable(TV) provider.He had come because I was having a lot of
interference with my TV.

I then began to pay attention to the fact that on the next floor but
one-on the roof top of the building I am in, there are at least 25
telecomunications towers,transmitters microwave transmitters and the top
of the building looks like a porcupine!

I myself was becoming increasingly more distressed now with occasional
bouts of rage, feeling at times like I was going crazy and had lost
control of my brain. I was having daily bouts of crying for no apparent
reason and yet as soon as I would leave the apartment,I feel fine.

Then again this past 3 months I went away twice.Once for a month back
east again and the last time from 10th Dec. 99 to the 06 Jan.2000 .Upon
returning on the 06 Jan.,within moments of being on the upper 20th floor
I felt dizzy-off- balance feeling and within 12 hrs I have suffered 2
profuse nose bleeds and couldn't sleep at all.

It is my opinion and experience that since Christmas the frequency of
use of these transmitters has increased. It feels like like the walls are
buzzing and I have had very little sleep. I am having to walk the
streets at night and visit other people's homes during the day in order
to write letters or do anything that requires concentration.

Last week, I had 2 visitors on separate days. Both within a minute or so
of being in my apartment said they felt blocked in their heads,began
experiencing headaches that "dead feeling". They mentioned they felt
agitated and restless and could hear the buzzing,high pitch vibration
and had to leave before a half hour was up. I certainly confirmed that
wasn't "just me"

Both telephoned me later and said that within 5 minutes of leaving they
felt back to normal.

I would also like to note that my plants are becoming shrivelled looking
and are not growing well. I happened to have a green thumb. For example,
I think we are all familiar with Poinsettia's and that their leaves are
largish. Well mine are all tiny-only about one half inch to one inch in
length and they sort of keep their leaves pointing downward,not out.

I am truly exhausted of this. I only hope that first of all I can find
another place to live that is affordable because I am on a disability
pension hence being in government housing-secondly that I can even"
get-it-together"enough to pack up and move.

I hope my story helps in some way.

PS: I am a retired school teacher,a massage therapist and an exceptional
artist. I haven't been able to do any art since I moved in to this place.

Yours Truly
Dalana MCaren
http://www.feb.se/Bridlewood/PERSONAL.HTM#mcaren

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Daily Telegraph (London, England)

April 25, 2003

           RESIDENTS of a hamlet near a mobile telephone mast have recorded
high levels of illness, including seven cases of cancer, raising fresh
concerns over the safety of the transmitters.
           Among the 50 people living in Wishaw, Warwicks, 34 have reported
medical complaints in the past two years. Five women have been diagnosed
with breast cancer and two men have been told they have tumours. All live
within a mile of the mast.
           Regular complaints include sleeplessness, skin irritation and
problems with the immune system.
           Now an application has been submitted to build another
transmitter next to Wishaw. The Government says the masts are no threat to
public health.
           The existing mast, erected nine years ago and used by T-Mobile,
is in a field among the hamlet's 25 houses.
           Eileen O'Connor, 39, has had surgery twice in 18 months for
breast cancer and hopes to recover fully. "Like all the others, I have no
history of it in my family and I

...

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MORE PROOF OF EFFECTS

World Health Organization Chief Shuns Cellphones
Mon Jul 1,11:03 AM ET

OSLO (Reuters) - World Health Organization ( news - web sites) chief Gro Harlem Brundtland warned parents Monday against letting their children spend too much time on mobile telephones and said their electromagnetic waves give her a headache.

Photos

Reuters Photo

Brundtland, the WHO director-general, does not own a mobile phone and forbids anyone to use one in her Geneva office, saying this is to protect herself from the electromagnetic waves. "If you enter my office, you are invited by me. No one who is invited would like to give me headaches," Brundtland said at a news conference in Oslo, where she attended an international conference on cancer.

Some tests have shown higher electromagnetic waves in places where mobiles are frequently used, but research has still to prove any long-term negative effects of mobile phone usage.

"I would be cautious about letting children use mobile phones for hours every day, because we don't know enough about the damage," Brundtland said. "The same goes for microwaves."

           More from > Science - Reuters
           Next Story: World Health Organization Chief Shuns Cellphones
           Mon Jul 1,11:03 AM ET - (Reuters)

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LETS WARN OUR CHILDREN in CANADA OF THE DANGERS of CHRONIC CELLPHONE USE- before they get brain damage for life!!

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----- Original Message ----- From: "ECD-DCHG2" <ecd-dchg2@hc-sc.gc.ca>
To: <r_riedlin@telus.net>
Sent: Thursday, January 06, 2005 8:29 AM
Subject: In response to your correspondence addressed to the Minister of Health

Dear Mr. Riedlinger:

Thank you for your correspondence of November 7, 2004, with
enclosures concerning Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) emissions.

With respect to the safety of cellular telephone transmission
towers, Health Canada acts primarily as the principal health advisor to the
regulator, Industry Canada. Through its Spectrum Engineering Branch,
Industry Canada oversees the licensing for the installation of these
towers, including consideration of the effects on the environment and local
land use.

In terms of radiofrequency exposure, Industry Canada enforces
the compliance of transmission towers with a safety standard which must be
met by all cellular providers, such as Rogers AT&T. This standard is
Health Canada's Safety Code 6 - Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, and a
copy of the Code is available on our Web site at
www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/ccrpb.

The objective of this code is to establish guidelines for
limiting the radiofrequency and microwave exposures of both occupationally
exposed workers and the general public. Prior to its publication, Safety
Code 6 was reviewed by federal and provincial health authorities, as well
as by a number of experts on the effects of electromagnetic radiation on
human health. In addition, at the request of Health Canada, the Royal
Society of Canada assembled an expert panel on radiofrequency fields to

.../2
- 2 -

conduct an independent review of the guidelines for safe exposure limits
set out in the Code. The report, which is available on the Society's Web
site at www.rsc.ca/english/ RFreport.html, concluded that the exposure
limits set out in Safety Code 6 are adequate for the protection of the
general public from adverse health effects.
Typically, worst-case radiation levels emitted from a cellular
telephone tower are hundreds to thousands of times below the Safety Code 6
exposure limits. Departmental scientists are aware of some studies
claiming that biological effects may occur at radiofrequency energy levels
below those limits; however, these biological effects are not well
established, nor are their implications for human health sufficiently
understood. To date, there is no convincing scientific evidence to support
the contention of adverse health effects that are speculated to occur at
levels below the exposure limits specified in the Code.

In order to clarify the significance of these studies, Health
Canada is taking part in an international electromagnetic fields project,
coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). The goals of this
project are to verify reported biological effects from electromagnetic
fields and to characterize any associated health risks to humans. More
information about this project is available on the WHO's Web site at
www.who.int/peh-emf.

Since the issue of compliance of cellular telephone
transmission towers with Safety Code 6 falls within the purview of my
colleague the Honourable David Emerson, Minister of Industry, I have taken
the liberty of forwarding a copy of your correspondence to him for his
information and consideration.

Again, thank you again for writing.

Yours sincerely,

Ujjal Dosanjh

c.c. The Honourable David Emerson, P.C., M.P.